The ideal decision making process is unrealistic Essay

The ideal decision making process is unrealistic - Essay Example Decision-making is the process of choosing among alternative courses of action in order to attain goals and objectives. Decisions made in an organization are subject to 'group thinking', which might lead to failure in implementation of policies and strategies, like what happened in the Bay of Pigs invasion by the US army (Janis, I. 1972, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002, p. 9- 38). The failures can be analyzed from two perspectives, namely (Valentine, E., 1994, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002); The behavioral diagnosis is very important as the human information processing is influenced by external factors such as beliefs and political influences. According to Millar, S. J., Hickson, D. J. and Wilson, D. C. (1996), the complexity of the modern organizations increases the importance of making key decisions. Pettigrew (1973, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002) suggests a 'contextualist' framework for exploring the behavioral dimension of organizational failures. Accordingly, at any point in time, the organization's capabilities, prospects, decisions and actions are rooted in the preceding events, choices, and experiences that comprise its history and shaped its culture. The lateral relationships existing in the organization can be called 'office politics', where the executive is a tactician and philosopher who 'must live by his wits, competitive instincts, understanding of social forces and ability as a leader. So the behavior perspective of organizational decision making makes it necessary to understand the Behavioral theory of the firm. Behavioral theory of the firm The behavioral theory of the firm helps to understand the actual process of making business decisions and provide detailed observations of the ways in which organizations make these decisions (Cyert and March, 1963, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002, p. 62). Cyert and March propose two major organizing devices: a set of variable concepts and a set of relational concepts. The variable concepts are organizational goals, organizational expectations, organizational choice and organizational control. There are also four major relational concepts, namely; Quasi-resolution of conflict- The coalition in an organization is a coalition of members having different personal goals. Members require some procedure for resolving conflicts, such as acceptable-level decision rules, sequential attention to goals, or both. Uncertainty avoidance- The modern decision theory is concerned with problems with decision making under risk and uncertainty. Organizations avoid uncertainty by anticipating events in distant future by using decision rules emphasizing short term reaction to short term feedback and thereby devising ways to make the environment controllable. Problemistic search- According to this theory, the search is stimulated by a problem and is directed towards finding a solution for that problem. Organizational learning- Organizations exhibit adaptive behavior over time, with respect to three different phases of the decision process: adaptation of goals, adaptation in attention rules, and adaptation in search rules. So the organizations require a decision making model that can be applicable in its

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Homework - Essay Example Also, 3 qubits work on superposition of 8, whereas a couple of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 conditions. Through the research undertaken both theoretically and practically, various areas are expected to yield benefits as it receives numerous supports from national government and military agencies. Expectations are high from the research as when in operation it will be capable to solve certain problems exponentially faster than any current classical computers. A molecular switch is a single molecule which can move at a controlled state of two or more. This molecule can shift its state depending on the environment stimuli such as microenvironment, temperature or an electrical current (Feringa,2001). Such components include. Crown Ether Switches, Photochromic Switches. Through research, a single molecule has been produced. It switches by manipulating the state of switchable molecules. Plans have been put to design computers that utilise this technology to build Nano-electronic processors and other devices. A laser diode is component made of positive and negative of a semiconductor diode, forming a p-n junction. It has a region that is active in the laser diode at the intrinsic region and carriers. It also has a lens that focuses laser beam, and a terminal to collect electricity. These semiconductors are incredibly reduced in size as they are designed in small components of semiconducting material, to form a perfect p-n junction. It can be used in most applications such as fibre optic barcode scanners used in stores and supermarkets (Ian, 1998). Major advantages are in information transmission through fibre optics are those that utilises light amplification of information. They also help in providing gain and thus serve as gain in media sector. Yes, technology directed in the video progresses in the right path as stated in the video through watching. There’s ease in information