Drivers of Foreign Policy

Since the serene upset that brought the current emir of Qatar, Hamad receptacle Khalifa al-Thani, to control in 1995, Qatar has gone into an inexorably growing international strategy, which has enormously expanded the nation's territorial and universal standing. The fundamental component of Qatar's international strategy is its job as go between and moderator in various clashes in the Middle East and somewhere else, for instance in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel and the involved domains, Lebanon, Sudan and Yemen. For each situation, Qatar valued drawing in with warring groups to push for political settlements or rapprochement, just as giving philanthropic help. The choices administering Qatar's support in such clashes are exceptionally focal. The fundamental leaders are the Emir, His Highness Sheik Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Sheik Hamad Bin Jassim Al-Thani. Limiting a great part of the dynamic of this little circle has immediately prompted outside (and neighborhood) strategy choices, permitting Qatar to react rapidly to developing clashes with intervention offers. While it very well may be said that drawing an image of the nation as a promoter is an open discretionary move by Qatar †since lack of bias encourages the solidification of validity among different crowds †there are more profound thought processes behind Qatar's expansionist way to deal with intervening the contention by extending its international strategy. The primary rationale is to keep up its security and dependability. Qatar is situated in the Arabian Peninsula, a zone brimming with political and military competitions. By expanding its universal standing, Qatar plans to shield itself from the perils of non-revelation of little and helpless states 5 †dangers of the sort endured by Kuwait in 1990. 6 moreover, by taking part in intervention between clashing groups, for example, Houthis and the Yemeni government. Or on the other hand among Hezbollah and its partners from one perspective and the March 14 alliance on the other, Qatar can be viewed as attempting to contain those contentions and forestall their spread nearer to home. This certainty turns out to be progressively intense when one considers the job Iran plays in those contentions and in the Gulf specifically. Iran is the principle benefactor of Hezbollah and has built up joins with the Huthis in Yemen and various Shiite developments in the Gulf. Qatar additionally shares the biggest oil field on the planet with Iran, and is completely mindful of Iran's expansionist international strategy targets in the locale. By attempting to intercede between non-Iranian on-screen characters and their adversaries, Qatar is attempting to counter Iranian impact in the Middle East as a rule, and all the more explicitly in the Gulf, while keeping up amicable relations with Iran. Hence, notwithstanding broad security concerns, Iran's job in the area can be viewed as an away from behind Qatar's intercession of the Middle East clash. The third thought process in Qatari intervention is the craving to extend its impact as a local player, particularly even with Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has generally assumed a main job in clashes all through the district, for instance during the Lebanese common war. In any case, lately Saudi intervention has been ruined for seen impartiality, making the Kingdom a functioning player as opposed to a nonpartisan middle person. The cozy connection between Saudi Arabia and the March 14 political alliance in Lebanon, drove by Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri, is a model. Qatar thusly saw a vacuum in the Arab universal relations it was attempting to connect. Its contribution in clashes over the Middle East and past is a push to introduce itself as an essential option in contrast to Saudi Arabia and a likely new pioneer in the Middle East. This job was additionally upgraded by Qatar's participation of the United Nations Security Council in 2006-2007, during which the Emirate expanded its territorial intercession and help exercises. Be that as it may, Qatar was sharp not to surpass the constraints of its relationship with Saudi Arabia. Notwithstanding Qatar's perspective on Saudi Arabia's low impact in the Middle East (notwithstanding the developing Iranian impact, which adds to the pressing requirement for local Arab authority), the nation stays careful not to struggle with the realm's household and international strategies. In this manner, when the Bahraini uprising started in 2011, Qatar bolstered the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) †drove by Saudi Arabia †strategic control the insurrection. 7 When the Yemeni uprising, which started around the same time, picked up force, Qatar likewise upheld the GCC activity it oversaw. The way of change in Yemen, prompting an arranged progress as opposed to ousting the system of Ali Abdullah Saleh. Despite the fact that Qatar's relationship with Saudi Arabia throughout the years has been fierce, it has at long last arrived at a rapprochement in 2008 and has kept on getting increasingly settled in, driven by Qatari authenticity and the Emirate's attention to the furthest reaches of its impact in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia is the predominant political force in the Arabian Peninsula, where Qatar has not yet had the chance or the capacity to assume the principal significant job. The two nations share worries about the precariousness and political progress that are arriving at their region, which drives them to coordinate more than encounter.

Web Assignment free essay sample

What is the conventional principle on requesting? When was this standard previously articulated? What right does the standard award to laborers? The conventional â€Å"rule of solicitation† is that it was an infringement of the NLRA for a business to keep up excessively expansive principles confining representative sales of individual workers or the dispersion of composed materials. The standard on sales was given, by the U. S. Preeminent Court in 1945. The standard awards laborers the option to talk with different specialists about association and purposeful exercises during non-work time in either work or non-work regions. 2. ) Why is it significant whether email is viewed as sales or dissemination? May both of these types of correspondence be prohibited in the work zone? The contrast among sales and dispersion is that appropriation is a single direction correspondence, while, sales causes a reaction from the beneficiary. This is significant on the grounds that appropriation can be totally prohibited, since it must occur in a work territory and requesting is allowed in all regions. We will compose a custom exposition test on Web Assignment or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 3. ) Describe the case revealed by Leonard Page. What was that case about?

Protecting your Privacy from the Government Essay -- Politics Persuasi

Shielding your Privacy from the Government Protection and the Government, for century’s individuals have discussed the paranoid notion that the legislature is continually viewing you.With combination of data System, this dread is quick turning out to be reality.Since September 11, the Government has built up a totally new comprehension of data the people that live in the United States.They are currently concentrating on the any potential dangers to national security.The Government’s large imitative, which is a piece of Homeland Security, is Total Information Awareness (TIA) otherwise called Terrorism Information Awareness.This battle is the nearest thing to ‘Big Brother’ that the United States has ever seen.It is an attention on pulling however much data together on the greatest number of individuals as could be expected into a solitary database, making the data accessible to government authorities to get rid of and discover potential individuals engaged with terrorism.On the surface this would appe ar to be something to be thankful for, yet on the off chance that you take a gander at the circumstance closer, you will find that they are gathering data on anybody and everyone.This implies that they are gathering data on individuals for future purposes.They are gathering data on the affectation that they may utilize it later on for the sake of Homeland Security.The TIA isn't the main method of extraction of data from our protection; the carriers related to the administration have built up a comparable framework for aircraft passengers.The government is likewise buying data from different organizations on its client to acquire information on potential wrong doers.We will talk about essential focuses on each of the three later on this site.In quintessence many accept that they are abusing our protection. The Total Information Awareness ... ...ng the attention to protection inside its agencies.They have started to make positions called Private Contact Officers (PCO), which have the obligation of keeping up the honesty of the inferred protection concurrence with its citizens.Of the administration organizations surveyed over 74% respondents believed that protection was critical to their agencies.Some of the fundamental focal points of the offices are on Internet security and individual data security and integrity.Most of the offices surveyed communicated that security was a need; it didn't rank as one the top priorities.The issue of security and the legislature is showing signs of improvement however at an amazingly moderate pace.Once individuals comprehend that when you lose your protection you can never get it back, they will monitor themselves and there individual data better.The one in particular that can help forestall intrusion of protection is ourselves.

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Term Papers Writing Services to Avoid

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Psychology Jean Piaget Essay - 1598 Words

Jean Piaget, a cognitivist, believed children progressed through a series of four key stages of cognitive development. These four major stages, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, are marked by shifts in how people understand the world. Although the stages correspond with an approximate age, Piaget’s stages are flexible in that as long as the child is ready they are able to reach a stage. In kindergarten, many of the stages of both sensorimotor and preoperational stage were easy to find. For instance, the teacher allowed the students to have a couple minutes of free time. Many of the students chose to go to the tree house play area and began playing house. This is an example of the sensorimotor stage†¦show more content†¦According to Bergin Bergin (2012), Piaget also believed that learning involved assimilation and its counterpart, accommodation. Assimilation â€Å"is the process in which children incorporate experiences into mental structures†(Bergin Bergin, 2012, p. 96) and accommodation is merely modifying those mental structures. As children assimilate new information into their existing mental structures, they are constructing knowledge. The construction of new knowledge is a key aspect of Piaget’s cognitive development theory. In the freshman history class, they were discussing a war that happened between a medieval family. One of the students raised their hand, and made a comparison of the battle to a celebrity feud within the Karadashian family. This is an example of how an older student would use assimilation. They took new information and incorporated it to their existing knowledge, giving them an overall better understanding of the subject. Overall, Piaget theory of cognitive development could be applied across all the grades. Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky, a socio-culturists, created the sociocultural development theory. Vygotskys theory stressed the fundamental role of social interactions and culture in the development of cognition. According to Bergin Bergin (2012), Vygotsky strongly believed community and interactions with competent individuals played a central role in the process ofShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Influence On Psychology836 Words   |  4 PagesWho is Jean Piaget, and impact has he made on psychology? According to Les Smith, Piaget was born in Switzerland on August 9, 1896. Piaget was an extremely brilliant child, and he excelled at his studies. By age 11, he wrote a short paper on an albino sparrow. Many people believe that this paper ignited his scientific career. Once he graduated high school, he attended the University of Neuchatel. Piaget received a Ph.D. in natural sciences. He was extremely interested in the development of knowledgeRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology956 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget (1896-1980) was one of the most influential researchers in the area of developmental psychology during the 20th century. Piaget originally trained in the areas of biology and philosophy and considered himself a genetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beings from other animals is our ability to do abstract symbolic reasoning. Piaget s views are often compared with those of LevRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology744 Words   |  3 PagesJustin Waite The Study of Jean Piaget 11/16/2015  Born on August 9, 1986 in Neuchatel, Switzerland, Jean Piaget was one of the most influential theorist in the field of early childhood development and psychology that ever existed. His input towards human intelligence is second to none. Piaget learned the value of hard work from his father who was a medieval history writer. His mother was also very intelligent. Although she was a very bright and energetic individual, she was also mentallyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology1125 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 2014 Jean Piaget Throughout history, many people have made contributions to the school of psychology. One of those most noted, was Jean Piaget, and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Here he studied at the university and received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. Following his schooling he became increasingly interested in psychology and began his research and studying of the subject. From this research Piaget created aRead MoreJean Piaget and Cognitive Psychology2327 Words   |  10 PagesPiaget insisted that cognitive development followed a sequence and that stages cannot be skipped and that each stage is marked by a new intellectual abilities and a more complex understanding of world by children , then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment. The goal of this theory is to explain the mechanism and processes by which the infant , and then the child develops into an individual who can think using hypothesis . AccordingRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology And Philosophy1772 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel Switzerland august 9, 1896 too Author Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. He died in Geneva on September 16, 1980. The oldest child, he took an interest in nature very early. At the age of ten he published his first paper, a one page encounter of him seeing an albino sparrow. In high school he began publishing on his favorite subject, mollusks. Among European students of mollusks who assumed he was an adult, his work became well known. Piaget attended the UniversityRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Psychology1187 Words   |  5 Pages Jean Piaget was at the forefront of the Cognitive Psychology movement and one of the most influential developmental psychologists of the 20th century. His work on schemas, adaptation, and his development theory are still being used today in most professional settings as a way to understand the development of the child. His work on schemas led to a new understanding of mental illness, paving the way for Cognitive-Behavioral therapies and other therapeutic methods that are based off faulty thinkingRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Psychology And Human Intelligence2504 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who had a heavy emphasis on children for his study. From this, he developed his Cognitive Theory which consists of three elements: schemas (building blocks of knowledge), adaptation (equilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation), and the four stages of development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational). Through this, we are able to learn of how children develop from adolescence to adulthood. Jean Piaget Jean Piaget’sRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The child

Christianity And Its Relationship With Political Authority

Christianity and its relationship with political authority has changed over the course of the period we have studied this semester. There has been a lot of back and forth about the main religion in the countries we have studied, and predominantly in Rome. The main religion of a country is traced back to the religion of the political authority. Citizens looked up to their rulers, therefore convert to the religion of the authority. Initially, Romans viewed Christianity as a new sect of Judaism. Roman rulers did not like the religion of Christianity. By the end of the first century, the political authority viewed the religion as a dangerous superstition that was a threat to their civic order. Romans didn’t like the fact that Christians†¦show more content†¦Constantius’ reign and the Council of Nicea helped Rome in gaining more Christians since they were under the rule of a Christian ruler. This did not last long as a Pagan ruler followed. In 361, emperor Julian came into power and restored Paganism in the Roman Empire. Julian felt the need to restore Paganism. His goal was to rid Christians from the highest orders of government. He did not want any Christian judges so that no Christian laws would be passed. Julian targeted the wealthy Christians as he was not as concerned with the common people. He believed that if he could get Christians out of political power, people would convert back to Paganism. This time in history brought Pagan conversions and Pagan members of political authority. After Julian was killed in battle in 363, his successor came into power to restore Christianity. He passed laws that made worshipping Pagan gods punishable by death. Christianity went from the minority religion to the majority religion in fifty years due to converts in favor of the religion of their political leaders. Christian law remained unchanged until 382 because Rome was in a crisis. This was extremely influential in gaining Christi an converts. Christianity lost popularity for a little while after the fall of Rome. The Fall of Rome brought many crises to the empire and people were looking for a scapegoat. Pagans blamed Christians for the fall. Since Christianity had become soShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Roman Emperor Constantine And The Frankish Merovingian King Clovis1136 Words   |  5 Pagesmountains; this is exactly was these men did. They used people’s faith to aid them in obtaining authority over land. Throughout this essay I will recollect the Christian religion’s history in order to draw a correlation between the church and the state; moreover, how the forth mentioned men utilized their conversions to Christianity as means of manipulation to gain power and territory. In the dawn of Christianity, many were threatened by the conception of having a single omnipotent and omni-benevolentRead MoreEssay about The Postclassical World: Western Europe785 Words   |  4 Pagesadapt the advancements of other civilizations rather than creating its own. Yet because of their geographical position and lack of political unity, Western Europe was not required to be as advanced as the rest of the postclassical world. Instead, Western Europe was defined by a desire to emulate the Roman Empire, Christian authority, learning and philosophy and political and economical systems based on relations between different classes. Throughout the majority of the postclassical period in WesternRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Roman Empire866 Words   |  4 PagesFrom 1000 to 1300 western Europe went through political and economic reorganization. There was no revival of central imperial authority in western Europe, even though there was an establishment of the Holy Roman Empire. Agricultural improvements brought increased food supplies, which encouraged urbanization, manufacturing, and trade. In the high middle ages, Roman Catholic Christianity was the cultural foundation of European society. The church advanced educational institutions such as cathedralRead More Comparing Confucianism and Christianity Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Confucianism and Christianity The premise of Confucian teachings are centered around the idea of Jen or the  ³virtue of humanity (Ching 68). ² To accomplish this divinity, five relationships must be honored: ruler and minister, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, and friend and friend (Hopfe). These relationships led a push for a revolution of the political system to adopt the methods of Jen. Confucius sought to revive the ancient Chinese culture by Read MoreWhat Was The Importance Of Charlemagnes Imperial Coronation?1735 Words   |  7 PagesLeo lll, and will discus the relationship between church and state, while looking at the concepts each party wanted Europe to adapt. Charles the Great was the oldest son of Peppin the Short who was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death (Griffin, 2004). Charles the Great and his brother Carloman ll shared the Kingdom of Francia until the death of Carloman ll in 771(Griffin, 2004). Charles the Great then went on to enlarge his empire and spread Christianity through military conquest againstRead MoreHow The Weight Of Authority Of The Scripture1603 Words   |  7 Pagesthoughts of the days. Each of the â€Å"movements† placed a different amount of weight on the authority of the scripture. Three of the movements that became prevalent in the modern church were the Evangelical Movement, the Liberal movement, and the neo-orthodox movement. Each of these movements each placed a different weight on how much authority they placed on the scriptures. It’s interesting to see how the weight of authority of the scriptures impacted how each of these theological groups lived out their faithRead More Christi anity Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesEurope, commonly known as The Middle Ages, economic reforms took place as well as social, political, and religious changes. One common theme throughout The Middle Ages consisted of the relationship between the Church and the State. The Catholic church during this era held a prominent role in society, and it had an abundant amount of power and authority during this time. The Catholic Church exercised its authority in many different stages, in which a response from the people occurred because of theRead MoreChristianity and Genocide in Rwanda800 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda by Timothy Longman discusses the roles of the churches in Rwanda and how their influence might have been able to alter the outcome of the genocide. He discusses the rise of Juvenal Habyarimana in politics with his Catholic background, church and state relations, and obedience to political authority. His slogan â€Å"Peace, Unity, and Development† were his political plans for Rwanda. On April 6, 1994, president Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane was shot down marking the beginningRead MoreComparing Revelation On The Relationship Of Church And State1215 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 1: Comparing Revelation to Eusebius on the Relationship of Church and State After reading chapters twelve through thirteen and seventeen through nineteen from the book of Revelation, I have attained knowledge that allows me to see how the author of Revelation perceives the Roman Empire. From the beginning of chapter twelve it is clearly portrayed that the woman who is in the sky, about to give birth, is meant to symbolize Mary the mother of Jesus, or even Israel, the birthplace of Jesus. TheRead More Christianity and Liberalism by Gresham Machen-Machen Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesSeminary. Machen’s work in the 1920s was divided between his time at Princeton Seminary and his political work with Presbyterians. In addition to Christianity and Liberalism, Machen works are such as The Origin of Paul’s Religion, What is Faith, New testament Greek for Beginners, The Virgin Birth of Christ, The Christian Faith in the Modern World, and The Christian View of Man. In 1923, Christianity and Liberalism was first published in a middle of major controversy in a Presbyterian church over

My High School Career free essay sample

During my 3rd grade year, my parents divorced each other. Me, my mom, and my little brother moved to a new house across town, which meant I had to switch schools. I did not want to be bullied and I tried for the longest time to get my mom to say I could stay at my old school but she never would agree with me. As I walk down the halls of my second Elementary school, kids pass by me while making fun of me, calling me names, and picking on me. It is all classified as bullying. Luckily I only stayed there for a year. My mom found someone new and we moved to a new town. I thought everything would be okay and I could start fresh. Well things did not start off real great. Some people seemed to be really nice, but then there were the stuck up people that did not like new kids. We will write a custom essay sample on My High School Career or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After a while things started to get better. I made a lot of friends and was not getting bullied. Then my freshman year came around. The stuck up girls noticed me and started bullying me all over again. Then my boyfriend at the time decided to grab my arm and throw me across his room, all because I was stretching and accidentally hit him in the face. My sophomore year actually went pretty good. I became friends with some of the stuck up girls, while still maintaining my friendship with the non stuck up people. The summer of 2011 came around and I moved to my dad’s house in Pampa, TX. The guy I was dating at the time ended up being overly protective and would have most likely been abusive. Then the bullying started all over again. My cousin and her stuck up friends did not like me at all. I became friends with the non – stuck up people. Who cares who you hang out with? Well my dad got a new job and we moved to Dumas, TX. My senior year is by far the greatest year that I have had so far in high school. I want to go into Law Enforcement so that I can help make a difference in someone’s life. I want to try to stop bullying. My idea may not work, but I am going to try as hard as I can. Nobody should have to go what I went through. My dad adopted me at an early age, my mom does not want me, I have a step mom, and I am only eighteen years old.

How do we distinguish through quantitative and qua Essays

How do we distinguish through quantitative and qualitative? Russia vs Mexico Gender is a socio-cultural c onstruct of female and male identity that shapes how individuals live and interpret the world around them . Gender is developed through society wh ich takes it to a normative appeal. Comparing the gender roles of drinking performed in Russi a showing a quantitative and qualitative undertake. U sing an empirical approach they experimented with 4,268 men and 5,094 women. And within the in depth view i t resulted in a large gap in the drinking patterns between each gender. Women drinking in smaller quantities and much less often than men. 1% of women were considered problem drinkers versus 19% of the men population. The qualitative reasons for this study show these differences are predominately explained by gender roles. Gender roles show the high economic influence of normative social norms. In Mexico 424 drinkers and 204 non-drinkers in the sample of 630 men, and 273 drinkers and 369 non-drinkers in the femal e sample of 644. The percentage of people that reported neve r having had any drink in their life was only 8.6% for men and 18.9% for women. They are basically stating that the normative of gender roles did not take place. The gender roles more so showed the opposite of my hypothesis figuring the males role would lead to a higher percentage. Gender being a system of classification the characteristics and behavior recorded grasp a stereotypical emotion for society.

What I Didnt Learn In High School essays

What I Didnt Learn In High School essays I didnt know that when I started to read, Lies My Teacher Told Me, by James W. Loewen and A Peoples History of the United States 1492 Present, by Howard Zinn that I was going to get so interested in the subject of history. In my high school years, back in the late 1970s the early 1980s I didnt take to well to learning history. Either it was too slow of a subject for me then, or not an interesting enough teacher to teach the subject, history. Whatever the reason, fast forward twenty-three years and put the book and instructor in front of me and Ill find an interest in the subject being taught. I believe the American Indian Policy was caused by the 1840s Manifest Destiny. The Manifest Destiny has us to believe that the white people are the better race. It goes to say that God loves the white people and that the white people are his chosen ones, his Christians. Being Gods people that puts us above every race and better than everyone else. We lived by our own rules and had our own authority. This is similar to the American Indian Policy. The Indians had no set of rules, laws, or terms. They were different to us, in color and life style. That scared the white people. Whenever someone is different from the other, one always wants to bring down the different one to feel superior. So we hated them. The lectures Ive sat in on in the past never told me about the unjust way the white people treated the Indians. Ive always heard Indians are bad and they are savages, and that the white people are the greatest of race. There is a lot that I havent learned about the Indians. Why is that? Ill have to agree with Loewens theory; its all a cover up. A scam. History books make people into heroes when they really arent, and they put heroes on pedestals. Well pedestals break. In learning all of this new informatio...

The ideal decision making process is unrealistic Essay

The ideal decision making process is unrealistic - Essay Example Decision-making is the process of choosing among alternative courses of action in order to attain goals and objectives. Decisions made in an organization are subject to 'group thinking', which might lead to failure in implementation of policies and strategies, like what happened in the Bay of Pigs invasion by the US army (Janis, I. 1972, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002, p. 9- 38). The failures can be analyzed from two perspectives, namely (Valentine, E., 1994, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002); The behavioral diagnosis is very important as the human information processing is influenced by external factors such as beliefs and political influences. According to Millar, S. J., Hickson, D. J. and Wilson, D. C. (1996), the complexity of the modern organizations increases the importance of making key decisions. Pettigrew (1973, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002) suggests a 'contextualist' framework for exploring the behavioral dimension of organizational failures. Accordingly, at any point in time, the organization's capabilities, prospects, decisions and actions are rooted in the preceding events, choices, and experiences that comprise its history and shaped its culture. The lateral relationships existing in the organization can be called 'office politics', where the executive is a tactician and philosopher who 'must live by his wits, competitive instincts, understanding of social forces and ability as a leader. So the behavior perspective of organizational decision making makes it necessary to understand the Behavioral theory of the firm. Behavioral theory of the firm The behavioral theory of the firm helps to understand the actual process of making business decisions and provide detailed observations of the ways in which organizations make these decisions (Cyert and March, 1963, quoted in Salaman, G. 2002, p. 62). Cyert and March propose two major organizing devices: a set of variable concepts and a set of relational concepts. The variable concepts are organizational goals, organizational expectations, organizational choice and organizational control. There are also four major relational concepts, namely; Quasi-resolution of conflict- The coalition in an organization is a coalition of members having different personal goals. Members require some procedure for resolving conflicts, such as acceptable-level decision rules, sequential attention to goals, or both. Uncertainty avoidance- The modern decision theory is concerned with problems with decision making under risk and uncertainty. Organizations avoid uncertainty by anticipating events in distant future by using decision rules emphasizing short term reaction to short term feedback and thereby devising ways to make the environment controllable. Problemistic search- According to this theory, the search is stimulated by a problem and is directed towards finding a solution for that problem. Organizational learning- Organizations exhibit adaptive behavior over time, with respect to three different phases of the decision process: adaptation of goals, adaptation in attention rules, and adaptation in search rules. So the organizations require a decision making model that can be applicable in its

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Homework - Essay Example Also, 3 qubits work on superposition of 8, whereas a couple of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 conditions. Through the research undertaken both theoretically and practically, various areas are expected to yield benefits as it receives numerous supports from national government and military agencies. Expectations are high from the research as when in operation it will be capable to solve certain problems exponentially faster than any current classical computers. A molecular switch is a single molecule which can move at a controlled state of two or more. This molecule can shift its state depending on the environment stimuli such as microenvironment, temperature or an electrical current (Feringa,2001). Such components include. Crown Ether Switches, Photochromic Switches. Through research, a single molecule has been produced. It switches by manipulating the state of switchable molecules. Plans have been put to design computers that utilise this technology to build Nano-electronic processors and other devices. A laser diode is component made of positive and negative of a semiconductor diode, forming a p-n junction. It has a region that is active in the laser diode at the intrinsic region and carriers. It also has a lens that focuses laser beam, and a terminal to collect electricity. These semiconductors are incredibly reduced in size as they are designed in small components of semiconducting material, to form a perfect p-n junction. It can be used in most applications such as fibre optic barcode scanners used in stores and supermarkets (Ian, 1998). Major advantages are in information transmission through fibre optics are those that utilises light amplification of information. They also help in providing gain and thus serve as gain in media sector. Yes, technology directed in the video progresses in the right path as stated in the video through watching. There’s ease in information

Describe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins Essay Example for Free

Describe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins Essay Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. Example. This paper will provide an explanation as to how bacteria decode the genetic information to produce proteins. Transription generates 3 kinds of RNA. Transfer RNA(tRNA) carries amino acid during protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA molecules come together to form ribosomes while mRNA bears the message for protein synthesis. In bacteria, mRNA often carries coding information of more than 1 gene therefore it is said to be polycistronic (DIAGRAM). MRNA is synthesized under the direction of DNA by RNA polymerase. This polymerase in its core enzyme form has 5 subunits. A 6th subunit called the Sigma factor helps the core enzyme to recognise and bind to the promoter regions which are often found at -35 basepair and -10 basepair(also called Pribnow box) upstream of the transcription site. Upon binding, RNA polymerase unwinds the helical DNA and this open region becomes a open complex. There is a reason as to why the -10bp site is chosen. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides in the Pribnow box are weak and easily broken, forming the open complex. RNA polymerase progresses along the DNA unwound DNA strand and starts to synthesize mRNA in the 5` to 3` direction. MRNA synthesized is thus complementary and anti parallel to the template DNA. Termination of transcription require a terminator. There are two kinds of terminator, rho-independent terminator which refers to a nucleotide sequence that when transcribed into RNA, forms hydrogen bonds within the single-strande RNA, this intrastrand bonds creates a hairpin-shape loop and causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing and dissociate from the template strand. Another terminator depend on a protein called the rho factor which causes RNA polymerase to dissociate from the mRNA. Its exact mechanism remains unclear. With the mRNA synthesized by the RNA polymerase using DNA of the bacteria as template, the mRNA are translated to amino acids which are linked covalently to form a polypeptide. Translation begins when a ribosomes binds to mRNA and tRNA molecules carry the amino acid correspending to the codons dictate by the mRNA to the ribosome so that the amino acid can be added to the polypeptide chain as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand. Translation initiated by formation of initiation complex consisting of 30s and 50 sribosomal subunits, Formyl-methionyl tRNA and the mRNA. Proteins called intitial factors are also required to form the complex. The two ribosomal subunits that come together to for, the complex are commonly refer to as the 70s ribosome. This 70s ribosome has two sites in which tRNA carrying amino acids can bind to. One is called the P site and A site. There is also an E site where tRNA are released. The initiating transfer t RNA carrying formylmethionyl binds to the P site, a tRNA that recognises the next codon ann carries the second amino acid moves in to the A site. The formylmethionie carried by the tRNA in the P site is then joined to the amino acid carried by the tRNA that just entered the A site by a peptide bonds. The ribosome then advance a distance of 1 codon. The tRNA that carries the formylmethionie is released at the E site. A tRNA carrying the next amino acid now moves in through the A site where the anti codon matches the codon of the mRNA. The ribosome shift down a distance of 1 codon, the 2 amino acid on the tRNA in the P site are transferred to the new amino acid and the 2nd tRNA is released at the E site. This cycle is repeated. Elongation is terminated by a stop codon. Stop codon do not code for any amino acid.

Critical Response: Jack London :: Biography Biographies Essays

Critical Response: Jack London Jack London, a well known American author, has written a fair share of truly classic works.   The Call of the Wild and White Fang are staples of middle and high school reading requirements.   His other novels, such as The People of the Abyss and Sea Wolf are not as well known, but are still regarded as brilliant pieces of literature by many scholars.   Lesser known are his many volumes of short stories; "To Build a Fire" being the most popular.   I cannot say that I have read even a small percentage of London's works, but from what I have read, I noticed some recurring similarities.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the semester in class, we have learned how authors utilize various elements of writing to make their point more prominent.   For Jack London's earlier works, his Yukon setting and rugged, adventurous characters appear quite frequently.   Such is the case with the three stories I chose to study; "Love of Life," "The League of the Old Men," and "To Build a Fire."   Along with this, I believe that the theme of survival appears in these three, as well as many other stories from London.   I took it upon myself to try and find out why London used survival as his main theme.   To demonstrate this recurring theme, I will give a brief synopsis of the three stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "To Build a Fire" is a story about a man who is traveling alone in the frozen Yukon.   He knows that it is not safe to be traveling when it is so cold, but stubbornly keeps moving.   He falls through a crack in the ice, wetting his feet.   In order to stay alive, he must build a fire, warm his feet and move on.   Despite several attempts, the man fails and dies.  Ã‚   Of the fourteen pages within "To Build a Fire," eight of those are devoted to the events of the man trying to make a fire; the other six mainly focus on the setting.   The man's determination to build the fire is evident-a simple annoyance at the beginning leads to a frantic demise at the end.   The plot was as simple as one man's attempt to survive against nature.

Detective stories Essay

The Sherlock Holmes stories are the work of Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes first appeared in the story ‘The Study of Scarlet’, which was published in the magazine ‘Beetons Christmas Annual of 1887†². Over the 40 years that followed Holmes appeared in 5 collections of short stories, and 3 other novels. Holmes’ popularity was partly due to the fact that his books were the detective fiction books ever to be published. These books are still read today all over the world, because of the brilliant way in which they are written. The Sherlock Holmes books are written from the point of view of his sidekick Watson. Many modern day detective fiction books and television programmes follow the pattern of a detective and sidekick. The stories of Sherlock Holmes caused him to become a national hero. In all the Sherlock Holmes stories we are given a detailed description of what he looks like, that is a tall gaunt person with long thin legs, a thin hawk like nose a square chin, and of course a pipe and deerstalker hat. The first story I read of Sherlock Holmes was ‘The Red Headed League’. In this story the reader is immedietely introduced to problematic situation, where a pawnbroker has come for advice. The pawnbroker goes on to tell Holmes and Watson his situation. Whilst the man is in the company of Holmes, Holmes begins to deduce things from just looking at the ware and tare of the mans body and clothes. From a very early point in the story we begin to see characteristics in Holmes, such as habits when he id thinking, ‘†¦ relapsing into his armchair, and putting his finger-tips together, as was his custom when in judicial moods. ‘ I was are given the impression that Holmes is the type of person who tries to treat people with respect, but his tolerance level for people who are not as intellectual as him is very low. Holmes becomes agitated at people’s incompetence to understand his complex ideas. I think Holmes pretends to expect every one to be as clever as him to make him look more intelligent and therefore superior. So in that respect I see Holmes as quite an ignorant person. However he does not treat Watson this way, I think he treats Watson more like a younger brother. I think that Holmes would like Watson to be like Holmes. From ‘he Red Headed League’ we can see that Holmes has a short temper, for example when he is in the cellar of the bank and Mr. Merryweather struck rather loudly his stick upon the flags which lined the floor, ‘ I must really ask you to be a little more quiet†¦ You have already imperilled the whole of our expedition. ‘

Consent to medical procedures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3520 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Tags: Medical Essay Did you like this example? 107158 Part a) The main legal issue here concerns whether consent is required from both parents for a non-Gillick competent minor to undergo a surgical procedure that is not altogether without risk and which will not confer any direct benefit on her health. Beth at 4 years old is not likely to understand the full implications of a bone marrow donation[1] hence by this criteria she is not likely to be â€Å"Gillick competent†[2]; and so cannot give valid consent. This issue must be considered here because if she had been Gillick competent then it would be less likely that a refusal by one parent would be effective in negating her consent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consent to medical procedures" essay for you Create order The legal age of consent is 18. Below this age a person is classed as a child. However effectively the age of consent is 16 due to the operation of s.8(1) Family Law Reform Act 1969. Beth is therefore classed as an incompetent minor[3] to whom the Children Act 1989 stipulates that a parent with â€Å"parental responsibility† can give consent (albeit proxy consent), that is unless that â€Å"parental responsibility† has been removed or is restricted; s.33(3) and (4). We are told Caroline has parental responsibility for Beth and we are told that Caroline agrees to the donation. By inference there has been an offer of treatment by the doctor(s). In law consent by a parent with parental responsibility is adequate consent[4]. Generally it is irrelevant, in law, that David withholds his consent. However, in this situation the disputed procedure that Beth is to undergo is not intended to confer any physical advantage to her but may cause her some psychological stress and also carries a minor degree of risk. Clearly the Trust has reservations about going ahead when one parent objects and legal writing confirms that this view is unlikely to be unusual for this procedure.[5] However once consent is given by one person the principle stands that it is not removed by someone else. This refusal of the Trust to allow the procedure might be taken up to see if a court would direct the trust to go ahead. Where there is dispute about whether a procedure should take place and in situations where there is no parent with parental responsibility who will give consent the court may make a decision in one of two ways. Firstly the â€Å"wardship jurisdiction† could be used as described by Lord Donaldson MR in Re C[6]. The child is made a ward of court and the court makes the decision in the child’s best interests[7]. The court would take into account all the relevant facts of the case and decide upon them[8]. Decisions vary greatly with the facts of the ca se. The Court of Appeal refused to follow the parents’ wishes where the parents did not wish conjoined twins to be separated killing one of them in Re M and J[9]. In Re B[10] the court ordered that an infant with Down syndrome have surgery for duodenal atresia. However in Re T[11] the court found for the parents who were refusing liver transplantation for their child. Alternatively an application can be made to the court for a specific issue order requesting the court to order specific directions. In Beth’s case the court would consider the loss of her sister (a loss she might have been able to prevent) and the undoubted resulting psychological harm and also the 40% chance of any donation having the same result whereby Beth may still suffer some psychological aspects, her needle phobia and parental attitudes and these would be balanced against the advantageous effects of attempting[12] and most likely saving the life of her sister. All other factors thought relevant to making the decision in Beth’s overall[13] best interests would be considered. The courts have authorised the harvesting of bone marrow from a mentally incompetent adult in order to treat her sister.[14] The argument was the advantage gained by the donor by having a mother who was psychologically better able to look after her if she had given her sister a chance of recovery. In making the decision on Beth’s treatment the court would not consider Allison’s situation but would take into account the advantages to Beth if her sister survived. Allison is a child and if she is Gillick competent for the envisaged procedure may give valid consent. Otherwise Caroline may give proxy consent for her; Children Act 1989. Part b) The issue here is whether a 16 year old can legally be given a life-saving treatment when she is refusing to give consent. The doctrine of necessity may apply if it is not possible to discuss the situation properly with Evelyn and her tre atment is required urgently to save her life. We are told she is in great pain. If the doctors consider that she cannot understand the information given, or believe it or retain it to make a decision then they may proceed under the doctrine of necessity if it is considered that she will die before rational discussion can take place. However as a Jehovah’s Witness Evelyn may carry written information stating that she would refuse blood in an emergency even if it is required to save her life. This would be particularly relevant if she was carrying this information in her patient held maternity record. This would show evidence of foresight of the situation. The age of majority and of consent is 18. Being below 18 Evelyn is a child. Someone with parental responsibility can give proxy consent (for a child under 18 notwithstanding s.8 Family Law Reform Act 1969). The Family Law Reform Act 1969 s.8 applies to those aged 16 to 18. The wording of this act includes â€Å"consentâ⠂¬  but is silent with regard to refusal of consent. However since Evelyn is 16 her refusal of consent can actually be overridden. This follows the decision in Re W[15] where a 16 year old was refusing treatment for anorexia nervosa. In this case it was considered that the wide powers under wardship overrode concerns that the wording of s.8 â€Å"consent shall be as effective as it would if [the child] were of full age† implied that consent could include refusal of consent. There is additional case law on the same point whereby a 16 year old was refusing treatment for anorexia; Re J[16]. Evelyn’s refusal to consent can be overridden. We do not know whether one of her parents with parental responsibility would give proxy consent for her to have the blood transfusion. The Family Law Reform Act does not take away the right of a parent with parental responsibility to give consent for the child. They can give consent up to the child’s eighteenth birthday. The childr en Act 1989 describes who has parental responsibility; it is either parent if they were married when the child was born otherwise it is just the mother. Important principles of the Children Act 1989 are that the overriding interest is the child’s welfare. The child should be listened to but not necessarily be given full right of autonomy. Where there is conflict there should be negotiation and avoidance of delay if a legal process is needed. If proxy consent is given by someone with parental responsibility the doctors can legally go ahead with the transfusion in spite of Evelyn’s refusal. However the parents may well be Jehovah’s Witnesses themselves and refuse to give proxy consent. This happened in the case of Re O[17] whereby a blood transfusion was required by a minor and the parents who were Jehovah’s Witnesses refused consent. The court can authorise the transfusion. If the doctor considers it is in Evelyn’s best interests to have the bloo d transfusion and neither true nor proxy consent is forthcoming they can apply to the court to receive authorisation for the treatment to go ahead. The decision can be made quickly if the clinical situation demands. The Trust solicitor will have access to getting a decision from the court system. The court will decide in the best interests of Evelyn and may decide treatment should go ahead as in Re B[18] where surgery was ordered for a child with Down syndrome to have surgery for duodenal atresia. However the decision is not always for the treatment to be given; Re C[19]. Account will be taken of the degree of adherence to being a Jehovah’s Witness, whether Evelyn attends a place of worship regularly and whether pressure is being put on her by her family; Re T.[20] The case of Re T concerning a pregnant Jehovah’s Witness refusing a blood transfusion. In making the decision the court will not take into account the fetus in its own right (aside from the fact that the fet us has no right in law;)[21] since autonomy of the pregnant woman overrides consideration for the life or well-being of her fetus;[22] but will take into account the effect that loss of the fetus make have on Evelyn if the fetus dies because of lack of the blood transfusion but Evelyn survives along the principle established in Re Y.[23] Part c) The issue is whether Frank has capacity for the purpose of consent or refusal of consent. Capacity is the legal term for competence in the use of information in the decision making process that comprises valid consent. The question is whether an individual has the capacity to give or refuse consent. This issue is important because, as an adult, if Frank has competence to refuse to give consent (which he has a right to do[24]) and does so refuse the doctors cannot legally treat him with ventilation. In this situation they still have a duty of care to provide him with the best available treatment relevant to his needs but short of ven tilation. If this ensues the issue could also be revisited with him on future occasions, if that possibility arises, since it is possible he may change his mind. It is good practice to try and encourage him to involve his family in his decision making. The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2007 provides a statutory framework, incorporating current best practice and common law principles, for people who may not be able to make decisions about their care. There is a presumption that an adult has capacity s.1 MCA 2007 until this is shown to be otherwise. The requirements of valid consent are; Adequate information should be given about the procedure (including risks and benefits and alternatives) according to the patient’s needs Competence (capacity) The decision must be made voluntarily The elements comprising capacity are; Understanding the information Believing the information and being able to use it in the decision making process Making a decision The legal aspects of capacity were set out in the case of Re C[25]. A phobia can lead to lack of capacity and may well be relevant here particularly the possibility of a needle phobia.[26] The degree of proof is on the balance of probability. S.2 MCA 2007 states that the single clear test for assessing capacity is a â€Å"decision-specific† one. S.2 MCA 2007 makes it clear that just because there is a mental illness lack of capacity cannot be assumed. Frank’s depression may have affected his cognitive ability. However, despite his depression, Frank could have retained his cognitive abilities but his values may be affected. For instance he may feel that his life is not worth living. When he recovers from his depression he may be pleased that he was ventilated. We are not given further details about the accident but it may be relevant if it involved a suicide attempt. A poor decision is not itself evidence of lack of capacity s.1 MCA 2007. It is not the decision itse lf but the decision making process that is relevant to capacity. It the doctors decide that Frank does not have capacity to refuse consent to ventilation he can be ventilated if that is in his best interests. The MCA 2007 lists items for consideration under best interests. No one can give consent on his behalf. Since he is young and expected to recover from his injuries and if there is no alternative suitable treatment then he could legally be ventilated if the doctors decide this is in his best interests. S.5 MCA 2007 confers legality of treatment given in the best interests of an adult who lacks capacity. Common law has also determined that treatment of those lacking competence is on a best interests approach.[27] S.6 MCA confers legality on any necessary force or restraint in treating the patient in their best interests. The keys as detailed in the 2007 act are proper assessment of capacity and best interests. If Frank had appointed a lasting power of attorney according to the MCA 2007 this person could make a decision on treatment for him. If a court was unable to make a decision according to the MCA 2007 a court appointed deputy could make the decision on ventilation on Frank’s behalf. The new court of protection will have ultimate decision making powers according to the MCA 2007. A new and accountable Public Guardian will oversee the way the new systems of attorneys and deputies are operating. If Frank had made an advance decision to refuse treatment according to the MCA 2007 in order for this to be binding to refuse life-saving ventilation it would need to have been in writing, and signed and witnessed. Part d) The issues include whether there was valid consent for the operation to control the bleeding. Further issues arise concerning whether the consent covered the appendicetomy and the involvement of the students and the doctor’s son. Another issue arises as to whether Albert has any claim in negligence. For consent to be valid adequate information about the proposed procedure must be given and in such a way that the patient is able to understand it. There has been a move away from the Bolam test, that is of the amount of information it is reasonable to give – a test which was used in Sidaway,[28] towards a test of how much information the patient needs – the prudent patient test.[29] The General Medical Council recommends as detailed information as possible in the circumstances should be given. We are told Albert was in severe abdominal pain and was finding it difficult to concentrate whilst his consent was being taken. As an adult Albert is assumed to have competence and this is not likely to be negated by being in pain. Dr Engelbert told him he required an urgent operation to deal with internal bleeding and that it is a minor surgical operation on his stomach which will require a general anaesthetic. In an emergency situation with acute abdominal bleeding it is likely that the amoun t of information conveyed would comply with a reasonable standard of care,[30] since the practicalities of the situation have to be taken into account. The consent form is merely evidence of the consent process and not the consent itself.[31] Best practice would involve mentioning about the presence of people in training and this is generally included on the consent form but it might not have been drawn to Albert’s attention especially in view of the emergency nature of his surgery. The involvement of the medical students does not invalidate consent.[32] However the Department of Health recommends that explicit consent for medical student involvement should be sought.[33] It is the procedure for which the consent is taken for not for the operator or the assistants. It is inappropriate for Dr Englebert’s son to have been present in the operating theatre during an operation. It would be appropriate to provide Albert with a full explanation and an apology without undue delay. The next question concerns whether Dr Englebert had consent to remove the slightly inflamed appendix. The consent form, as is standard practice, contained a clause stating â€Å"to such other surgical or other procedures as are medically necessary†. There is a case in Scottish case law[34] on the applicability of an â€Å"any other measures necessary† clause on a consent form. In that case, although there was some debate, it was decided that that wording was sufficient for surgery of a far greater extent than that which was envisaged by the patient. Again what matters is what Albert understood about the procedure and not the wording on the form. The issue is more likely to be decided by whether it was medically necessary to remove the appendix, urgently, and at the time of this operation. If it was then it is covered by the consent process. If it was not, then it should have been left to be removed at another time. There are two Canadian cases on this point. Sterilising a woman without her consent at the time of Caesarean section[35] was held not to be appropriate whereas removing a diseased organ at the time of an operation for something else was.[36] Since the appendix looked abnormal it may have been justified to remove it however this would be decided on the basis of the reasonable standard of care according to the test in Bolam[37] as modified by Bolitho.[38] If Albert wished to bring a claim in negligence alleging the consent was inadequate on account of inadequacy of information he would need to show that the information given to him was below acceptable standards.[39] It was also be required of him to show that had he been given the correct information he would not have consented to the procedure and not have suffered harm as a result. His arguments would be based on any complication of the appendicetomy (of which there appears to be none) or a resulting or aggravated mental health problem but this would encounter difficulti es in proving causation. However in view of the emergency nature of the operation it is unlikely that Albert would be able to show that had he been given more information he would have chosen not to go ahead with the procedure. Bibliography Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press Davies M 1998 Textbook on Medical Law London Blackstone Hope T Savulescu J Hendrick J 2003 Medical Ethics and Law The Core Curriculum London Churchill Livingstone Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing Khan M Robson M Swift K 2002 Clinical Negligence 2nd edition London Cavendish Publishing Mason JK McCall Smith RA Laurie GT 2002 Law and Medical Ethics London 6th edition Butterworths McLean S Mason JK 2003 Legal and ethical aspects of healthcare. London Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. Journal Articles Bridge C Religion, culture and conviction the medical treatment of young children 199 9. Child and Family law Quarterly 11.1(1) Browett and Palmer, Altruism by Proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation legal barriers might have catastrophic effects (1996) 312 British Medical Journal 240 Footnotes [1]Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [2] Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Health Authority [1985] AC 112 [3] Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [4] Howard P Bogle J 2005 Lecture notes: Medical Law and Ethics Oxford Blackwell Publishing [5] Bridge C Religion, culture and conviction the medical treatment of young children 1999. Child and Family law Quarterly 11.1(1) [6] Re C (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) (no2) [1990] Fam 39 [7]Re MM (Medical Treatment) [2000] 1 FLR 224 and Re C (HIV Test) [1999] 2 FLR 1004). [8] Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press [9] Re M and J (Medical Treatment: Siamese Twins) [2001] 1 FLR 1 [10] Re B (a minor) [1981] 1 WLR 1421 [11] Re T (a minor) (wardship: Medical Treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 [12] Browett and Palmer, Altruism by Proxy: volunteering children for bone marrow donation legal barriers might have catastrophic effects (1996) 312 British Medical Journal 240 [13] Mason JK McCall Smith RA Laurie GT 2002 Law and Medical Ethics London 6th edition Butterworths [14] Re Y (Mental Incapacity: Bone Marrow Transplant) [1996] 2 FLR 787 [15] Re W (A Minor) (Medical Treatment: Court’s Jurisdiction) [1993] Fam 64 [16] Re J (A Minor) (Medical Treatment [1992] 3 Med LR 317 [17] Re O (A Minor) (Medical Treatment) [1993] 4 Med LR 272 [18] Re B (a minor) [1981] 1 WLR 1421 [19] Re C (a minor) M(Medical Treatment – Refusal of Parental Consent) [1997] 8 Med LR 166 [20] Re T (Adult Refusal of Medical treatment) (1992) 3 Med LR 306 [21] Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service [1978] 2 All ER 987 [22] St George’s Healthcare National Health Service Trust v S [1998] The Times, 8th May 1998 [23] Re Y (Mental Incapacity: Bone Marrow Transplant) [1996] 2 FLR 787 [24] Shloendorff v New York Hospit al (1914) 105 NE 92 [25] Re C (Adult Refusal of treatment) [1994] 1 All ER 819 [26] Re MB (Medical Treatment) [1997 2 FLR 426 [27] F v Berkshire HA [1990] 2 AC 1 [28] Sidway v Board of Govenors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] 1 All ER 643 [29] Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [1998] 48 BMLR 118 [30] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118; Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 [31] Hope T Savulescu J Hendrick J 2003 Medical Ethics and Law The Core Curriculum London Churchill Livingstone [32] Branthwaite M Beresford N 2003 Law for doctors. London. Royal Society of Medicine Press [33] Medical Students in Hospitals. Department of Health HC 91(18). [34] Craig v Glasgow Victoria and Leverndale Hospitals Board of Management (22 March 1974, unreported) [35] Murray v Murchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 [36] Marshall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 [37] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118 [38] Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 [39] Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118; Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771; Chatterton v Gerson [1981] 1 All ER 257