Why I want to be a Nurse Essay Example for Free

Why I want to be a Nurse EssayI come upond the familiar fathom of the front door closing gently. My father was returning from work as a barber. Although he begins his day at 500 a.m. all(prenominal) morning, he unremarkably returns at around 700 p.m. I neer very questioned his schedule when I was a child, but as I entered high school I wondered how my dad could work so hard either day of the week and still enjoy what he does. The uncertainties of barbering are so great and so challenging. It neer ceases to amaze me when my father wakes up every morning to start work, that he does so with gusto. The life of a barber brook be laborious and striveful, provided my father continues to do his work with passionate enthusiasm. His dedication and pride mystified me throughout high school. Only after I entered college in my late 20s, did I start to understand how he could persevere and face the challenges of raising a family and running his business.I entered college like a sm all child wandering through a park. Never in my life had I been exposed to anything so grandiose and dominating. Born and raised in a rural town, I wasnt tack for the fast-paced life and crowds. I eventually grew into its lifestyle and learned to adapt to my new environment. I found my communication class, in which we discussed major issues in wellness care, especially interesting. The nurses dilemma particularly intrigued me Doing everything to provide the best health care possible, but constrained by limited resources when the funds just are non available.These frustrating situations place a huge strain on nurses, and yet they persevere and continue to work long hours in hospitals, and clinics providing the best care they can. trance thoroughly aware of the long hours a nurse must work and the challenges he or she faces, I am choosing medicine because of the unique satisfaction it provides the rewards of part a sick human being. As I think about a nurses life, I also think of the many times I lease watched my father sit silently at the dinner table, deep in thought, contemplating his options when his business was non bringing in enough income and the bills continue to arrive. I didnt hear him complain I only heard him leave early in the morning and come home late in the evening to make for sure that we had everything he did not as a child growingup.I also saw determination and tenacity in my mother and father to never give up but to keep on trying to the achieve a higher goal. They both came from very large and poor families and were determined to not pretend me grow up without an education. I will harness that determination in my life and my quest to earn my degree in nursing. They showed me what it means to really enjoy a career. I can have that same enjoyment through nursing the same type of enjoyment my Parents had from tending to their jobs, and businesses.Becoming a nurse is a goal aspired to by many. As a barbers son, I have wakened early and returned home late from long days with my father. I have been able to experience uncertainties, challenges, and plain old hard work similar to that faced by nurses. But like the doctors in the hospitals and my parents in their work, I can find happiness and satisfaction in helping people through medicine. Despite all the hardship nurses face, I want to help people every day. Nursing is something worth stress and long hours. I finally understand my father. I now know how he can wake up every morning at 500 a.m. and work hard until 700 p.m. and now I will do the same for my family. I will heavily stress the importance of a college degree and a good work ethic.I feel that this is the reason more and more Hispanics are earning their college degrees they dont want the hardships of their past generations to be placed on their children.

Definition for analysis Essay Example for Free

Definition for analysis EssaySexual violence in general, especi entirelyy rape has numerous consequences, including physical injury, psychosocial trauma, and unwanted pregnancies, fistulae and HIV/ assist infection. The data show that most wo men did not seek whatsoever medical cargon after they had been raped. There were simply no appropriate health function available or they felt ashamed, were too sick or lived too far away to seek emergency assistance in the first long time following the incident. As treatment has become possible, the medical consequences of such widespread fireual violence are becoming apparent. Four interviewees of the sample had HIV/ help and 6 sexually transmitted diseases (STI) as impression of rape that increases the risk of HIV/AIDS in addition to being a source of degenerative pain, STIs may lead to infertility. Physical injury from sexual violence can be very serious, especially in young girls. It was estimated that the HIV prevalence in Kisang ani could reach 20%. Sexual violence is likely to have been a significant contri exactlyory factor to this increase. 7 respondents had the unwanted pregnancies as a result of rape. 3 of them made unsafe abortions that caused a grave STI.MSF Kisangani has seen cases of pelvic inflammatory disease almost certainly arising from such procedures. Other reproductive health problems inform have included interruptions or abnormalities to the menstrual cycle or delayed conception. Decreased sexual desire or pain during sex is particularly greenness and very damaging to family and relationships. . One night, a group of armed men came to loot our house. They took me and the . , I was raped by four of them. I thought I was going to die. The next daytime asked us for money. to offer. were raped again by all of them.I was pregnant , I miscarried. Since and so, I felt a serve up of pain in the body, especially in the abdomen and in the back. I feel weak and I cant sleep at night, during t he day whenever I see uniform men in front of me, I am terrified. Some rape victims have reported to MSF that they believed they were pregnant when subjected to sexual violence. Of 51 patients allegedly pregnant at the time of the rape, almost 35 per cent reported having had a problematic pregnancy as a consequence. The consequences included spry or delayed miscarriage, neo-natal death, or an infant with congenital abnormalities.The joint program provides medical treatment to those women who have experienced sexual violence. Emergency contraceptive pills are given to prevent pregnancy and Post Emergency Prophylaxis (PEP) is given to help prevent the possible transmission of HIV/AIDS to women who present themselves within 72 hours after the rape happened. Physical injury most rape victims report some kind of physical injury such as pain all over the body and in particular areas where they have been beaten with fists, weapons or sticks.Many complain of joint pains to the hip and bac k when their legs have been extensively and violently spread out. The pain experienced at the time of the incident has left its stubborn mark even years after the rape on both the victims bodies and minds. Survivors feel weak, sick, soiled, and even despite a wishing of physical pathology the scar persists. Sexual and gender-based violence prevention and response from the joint initiative demands that the health system partially destroyed during conflicts must be restored.This forget contri thate significantly to peace building nationwide. I didnt see a atomic number 101 in my first moment of rape, I have to liberty chit slightly five hour to reach the centre and I was so exhausted about what happened to me there is not enough medical care, actually I am pregnant from this rape. I can never tell the barbarian who is his father and how he is conceived, this child will hate himself I have my sister this is more lucky because when happen to her his son has a bike and he conduct her in the medical centre and she took the PEP kit medicineThe lack of capacity in terms of medical personnel and basic equipment are impediments to fully winning into account the needs of victims who often live in remote and inaccessible areas. I was the favourite for my father and now I am nothing, he banishes me from the home but because of the mediation. I return home. I was engaged, as my fiance pay the custom allowed him to visit me with his friend and in my turn I can walk with my friend when he is returned home. That night after my fiance and his friend leave, my friends and I was attacked by 3 mens.My friends escaped but I fallen down, then it happen When my family came for rescue everything was done I am stigmatized, my fiance broke our engagement because I am not virgin anymore, for my father I will not find a husband so he could have my dowry The above is the narration by the 15 years old in the process less than 6 months. This discourse is similar to 5 others victims aged 12 to 18, due to the tradition the virginity seems to be very important for the girl for any marriage. The data show objectivity of girls sexual violation is automatically rejected as if her value is linked to this virginityI couldnt record how I came here in this centre (Leezadel) . They told me that a man brought me in his bike. But I do remember what happen to me and my husband. They asked him to have a sex with our 10 year old girl and he refused so the two of them raped her and they beat my husband and me because we tried to help our child. They cut my husbands penis and they introduced it in my child vagina. Then they took me to there populate and raped me about five times a day. I became sick and also crazy, Im here about one year and they almost saved my brain and I think that now I could be considered as a human being, yes now I m a human beingEach woman came with her own and unique story of being completely alter in addition to physical injuries, victims experienc e psychological trauma (such as stigma, family rejection for the victim and children born out of rape, marital separation, fear, and mental depression). Indeed, rape violates the privacy of the victim, destroys self-consciousness and creates fears that need to be assuaged. Psychosocial support and economic reintegration help the victim regain self-esteem and become an active member in the development and reconstruction of the country.Family expiation is a requirement for community and national reconciliation. Peace cannot be achieved without peace in the hearts and souls of the victims of sexual and gender-based violence. Mental and emotional healing blazes a drag out for forgiveness, a prerequisite for peace. The fight against poverty and economic exclusion also facilitates peace building The centre really helps me to get out from my nightmare but I couldnt build any life as my family and my husband is ashamed about me because I didnt hide what happened to me. The centre tried m ediation but it didnt work as they all banished me.Now a beginning to feel normal again even I know that men will never touch me again, the centre promised a machine-tool when I will finished my training in dressmaking. But there is nothing until now I finished my training long time ago I have a child from my rape that I have to take care and it is not easy The data analysis shows that lack of the economic reinsertion by government or by NGOs. I know those men who rape me but I will never go to see any lawyer because they will kill me and my parent, they told me that I couldnt do nothing to them because they are from the presidential armed (G).I know some of women who went to the jurist and nothing is done as yet The data analysis shows that there is a real lack of justice for the victims. For example until July 2005 during this internship there is no condemnation for any predator in Kisangani except for a 7 year old orphan child that I met who was raped several time by one soldier in the camp where she is living with her father and her 2 year old sister. A colonel raped almost ten children in this camp, once this colonel was caught raping a child 5 year old.The father of the 7 year old went to justice he was followed by the other parents. The criminal was arrested but few days later he ran away from the prison with help of his influential cousin who was the administrator of the camp and now the cousin is using his influence to harass the father of victims. This history reflects the real situation of the legal system all over the country. For the first time, justice makes a public condemnation of a soldier who mass raped in the village Makobola in South Kivu in Eastern province involving a public rape of 70 women.According to Amnesty International annual report 2006, DRC is suffering from impunity and lack of access to justice. Despite systematic violations of human rights, merely any suspected perpetrators were brought to justice. No effort was made to exclu de individuals suspected of grave human rights abuses from the new army, and people allegedly responsible for crimes under outside(a) law and other human rights abuses assumed key positions in the army and transitional institutions 104.

Chromatography Technique for Purification

Chromatography Technique for PurificationIntroductionColumn packing is an integral digress of the purification process in the manufacture of biologics. The goal is always to ensure reproducibility with regard to the technique to be utilize. Manual packing might sometimes involve several attempts to get an optimal packing as this would affect the purification process. The rosin to be used in the packing process has to be well defined as it could impact on the melt down rate which could lead to a reduced through put. The mobile phase is also all- pregnant(prenominal) as the rationale behind the choice would be looking for a solvent that send away pack the resin more tightly.In any chromatography technique that has to be utilised whether for the need to capture, purify or polish four integral parameters which includes, resolution, speed, capacity and recovery are always considered. Resolution is the most hard-fought to achieve especially during the polishing stage were impuritie s can be construed as having similar properties to the product. The efficiency of the pillar packing thus has a significant intent to play on this basis as it is a good measure how consistently the column can perform.1.1 Material As per SOP1.2 Key pawn Comp unityntsBubble Trap BT1Filter Housing F1Inlet / Outlet Valves V001 V101UV Sensor QIR4pH Probe QIR3Conductivity Meter QIR2Drain V102Column cabbage and bottom connections DN 1.3 Preparation of column for packing As per SOP TRG-DSP-052.1.4 Determination of % slurry Procedure was followed as per instruction manualResults Table 1Results Table 2r=5cmh= 15cm1.178Volume of gravity colonized resin for packing (Vgs)1.178 x 1.331.56674Slurry volume needed from container (SVc)(To give you the desired amount of gravity settled resin) (c)Vgs x 100% slurry in container= 1.55574 X 100/66% Slurry in container = 66%2.37384Adjusting the slurry to the desired % concentration for packingSlurry volume required for packing (SVp)Vgs x 100% slurry for packing= 1.56674 X 100/ 70% Slurry for packing = 70%2.2382Volume packing buffer to addSVp SVc= 2.2382- 2.37384-0.13564Volume to be added is thus 0.13564 cubic decimeterCalculationsNumber of theoretical = NWhere VR = volume eluted from the start of sample application to the peak maximum= 8CMW h = peak comprehensiveness measured as the width of the recorded peak at half of the peak height= 0.5CMN = 5.54 X Number of theoretical plates = 1418.24HETP = L/NWhere L = distinguish height (cm)As we already know N (1418.24)HETP = 15/ 1418.24= 0.0105765Asymmetry factor (AS) = b/aWhere a = 1st half peak width at 10% of peak height (0.5cm)b = 2nd half peak width at 10% of peak height (0.5cm)= 0.5/0.= 1As rule of the thumb a good HETP look on should be at least two to three times the average matrix bead coat and normally in the browse of 0.0018cm to 0.035cm. Looking at our column our HETP value was approximately 0.0106 and our bead has a pore size of nearly 40 microns which equ ates to 0.004cm and this is about 3 times our HETP. Our column can thus be confirmed to be inside the acceptable range.In the event that our column is not within the acceptable range several factors such as the following can be construed as being responsible.Uneven packing of the column or exceed the optimal packing flow rateThe possibility of channelling in the bedInadequate CIP can also be a factor as this can result in a build-up of contamination in the column thus impacting on flow and other performance determinants of the column. Cleaning is also important to drizzle the matrix storage solution which is an unwanted entity during packing.Air entrapment preponderance of air bubbles can also affect the HETP values.The possibility of a void being set at the inlet can also be a contributing factor to the value of HETP not being within specificationThe choice of resin is also very important as the possibility of the solute reacting with the resin can result in an ambiguous HETP va lue.Peak asymmetry is an important measure in the determination of column efficiency and in conjunction with the HETP value is always used in the calibration of a new or existing column. The fortunate standard is the ability to achieve an asymmetry value of 1 although the acceptable range is normally between 0.8 and 1.2. An asymmetry value greater than 1 indicates the prevalence of extensive follow while an asymmetry value less than 1 indicates extensive fronting.Taking our packed column into consideration, our asymmetry value from the chromatogram was 1 and one would generally thus expect a high efficiency and resolution.However, in the event of our column not being within the acceptable asymmetry value the following reason are the possible causes.Extensive tailing which is characterised by an asymmetry value greater than 1 as mentioned earlier can be a reason. This factor is a result of column being packed too loosely and it can be observed from the chromatogram by the peak tail ing gradually.Extensive fronting is also a possible cause and it is characterised by an asymmetry factor less than 1 which is normally as a result of the column being packed tightly and would be noticeable on the chromatogram by the peaks developing slowly.Possible causes of resin/column deterioration and their remediesTemperature the resins have a temperature range that is normally specified by the manufacturers and a usually high temperature can cause irreversible defile due to loss of functional groups. It is thus important that operation should always within the optimal ranges and bearing in mind the fact that temperature maxima is only for indication.Oxidation The functional groups are also attached by oxidation and on this basis one has to ensure that oxidants such as hydrochloric acid , nitric acid are not utilised in the cleansing regime as they can accelerate oxidation which damages the polymer crosslinkFouling apart from impacting on performance of the column can also cause irreversible damage to the resin. Fouling can result due to the presence of iron and silica for this reason special attention has to be paid to the type of resin to be used as prevention they say is better than cure.Drying out and cracking of the resin is also an important reason for column deterioration and this can be remedied by ensuring that the column is well equilibrated.High pressure -The build-up can also cause damage to the resin/column and it could be as a result of flow path restriction due to dirty or worn bed support. Manufacturers specification should always be adhered to in ensuring an optimal exercise of the resin.The life span of the resin/column should also be taken into account and usage should always be as specified by the manufacturer. virulent elution is another factor that is responsible for irreversible damages to resin/column. Every resin has a pH range that is optimal and this should be adhered to strictly.ConclusionThe serviceable experience was so interesting and brought the protein purification lectures received into perspective. A better understanding of the process was developed and the practical knowledge is quite adaptive to the twenty-four hour period to day operation in a typical Biopharmaceutical plant.

Library Management System

Library charge System training and connection to multiple online /www database using jspIntroduction in that respect are many web based application running with only single database. It has some problems such as performance issues etc besides we are red to implement theOur primarily purpose is to connect the multiple databases with the application to decrease the database terrific and make it efficient. On the other hand we provide To Online Library Management systems that connect to multiple databases. When any engager lead come to access the application and do registration then its information will be save only one database on the base of implemented business logic of the databases. Library Management System will give you facility to calculate the online books on the base of different options, reserve the books in advance, user management and interactive report module. All the search information will come from different databases. worry StatementThe problem with the existing system is that most of the online application is based single or centralized database. When multiple users comes and access the same application at the same time than the response time of the application goes slow due to huge amount of prayers as long as database processing also go slow to process the altogether requests and application go stuck. Although all data stored in only single database and if the central database fails then whole application will not work.Aim and objectiveThe main aim of this project is to build online application that integrate the more(prenominal) than one connection with the multiple databases as in result query processing time will also go faster because information will be saved in different or more than one database.There are many objectives which well use after implement Remove the Database Centric Concept. Increase the Database performance and its speed. Minimize the database load. make better the Processing power of each systemProposed methodol ogiesMethodology is processes that focus on what information is collected and how to analyze it. In our Development and Connect multiple databases we will implement the RAD methodology.RAD stands for Rapid Application Development as long as product can be implemented rapidly with high quality.RAD move down the quick and dirty prototype application or software which satisfied the customer needs and requirements. In RAD the software developed in series of cycles which probably know time boxes. The main advantage of RAD is that customer gives the feedback on each completion of phase of software. Without completion of previous phase the beside phase cannot be started.Expected artefact / outcomesThe expected outcomes of development and connect multiple databases is that it provides the online Library Management System in which user can get registration and search the different kind of books on base of different parameter such as BookID, Author Name etc as long as confirm the booking of book in advance. By connecting the more than two databases with each other, system will execute the efficient, reliable and reduce the database terrific as well as database performance will be increased.Technologies for implementation coffee- deep brown is one of the most popular language that currently using for package Development because its an open source features. There are many features provide by chocolate such as JVM(Java virtual Machine) is use to translate the Java program into machine language, JIT(Just in time complier) to compile all the methods of the coded program1, exceptional handling and gives the rich support of JDBC API for communication with the Database.We will implement this project in Java. So, all the methods, Classes, Interfaces, Data Types will be implemented in Java. In order to Java version well implement it using Java 6 or latest version.Servlet-Servlet is a Java class which use of Web based Application. This class is same like the Simple Java clas s but it has some extra features and interfaces that make it powerful. In server there are many features available like Session Handling, Request, Response, and Dispatcher etc 2. All the requests of the leaf nodes handle on the servlet.JSP-JSP stands for Java Server Pages and its server side programming language that provide the dynamic web pages feature. Its known as a scripting language. it has built in JSTL( JSP timeworn Tag Library) to do some actions and components such as scriptlet, expression.In our project well use JSP as a view and follow the MVC architecture. We will command to control the terrific of the application, implement the Business logic in Business Layer and JSP as a view.Java ScriptJavaScript is an Object-oriented programming language and client side scripting. JavaScript code embedded in the HTML and run on the users web browser 4.Like Java, it also has Classes, method and data types but different is Java is run on Server side and JavaScript run on Client Si de. You can also generate Dynamic html.In our project well use Java Script only for validation purpose. Itll validate the data such as BookID, Date and address of the book.MySQL-MYSQL is a relational database managements system that provides the multi databases access to all the users. Its going popular day by day as well as it has no license fee. It has many powerful features such as stored procedures, fasten and unlocking, views and triggers.In our project well use MYSQLl as a backend database to store all the data of Library Management System. There will be more than two databases used in our project to store, view, update and delete the existing data. Whenever user will send a search request then itll search the data to all the databases.Apache Tomcat Server-Apache Tomcat Server is a web server that Java Servlet container. A Web server the listen the HTTP request which is sent by the user and redeem the response. All the websites, application will be deployed under the Tomcat Server cond Structure. Tomcat is good because it supports both the Java Servlet and JSP pages. In our application well use the latest release of Apache Tomcat 6.x.Design/Structural Formation High Level DesignIn Development and connecting multiple database application, when user send the searching request then application will search the data from those databases in which search data is saved and return the result from all databases.Project PlanInterim Project Report 1 week Requirement Analysis 1 week Design 4 days Implementation 3 weekPoster Design 3 daysTesting 1 weekReferences1. Effectiveness of Cross-Platform Optimizations for a Java Just-In-Time compiling program by Kazuaki Ishizaki, Mikio Takeuchi, Kiyokuni Kawachiya, Toshio Suganuma, Osamu Gohda,Tatsushi Inagaki, Akira Koseki, Kazunori Ogata, Motohiro Kawahito, Toshiaki Yasue,Takeshi Ogasawara, Tamiya Onodera, Hideaki Komatsu, and Toshio Nakatani Page1 http//0-portal.acm.org.brum.beds.ac.uk/citation.cfm?id=949305.949322coll=AC Mdl=ACMCFID=82535495CFTOKEN=356424672. An Introduction to Java Servlet Programming by Vandana Pursnani http//0-www.acm.org.brum.beds.ac.uk/crossroads/xrds82/servletsProgramming.html?CFID=82535495CFTOKEN=356424673. An Online Bookstore Using JSP Technology by Jose Hughes http//0-delivery.acm.org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1145/1170000/1167328/p339-hughes.pdf?key1=1167328key2=3359398621coll=ACMdl=ACMCFID=82535495CFTOKEN=356424674. Characterizing Insecure JavaScript Practices on the Web by Chuan Yue, Haining Wang1 http//0-delivery.acm.org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1145/1530000/1526838/p961-yue.pdf?key1=1526838key2=0773498621coll=ACMdl=ACMCFID=82535495CFTOKEN=35642467

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) Collection, Preparation and Uses

Fresh Frozen germ plasm (FFP) Collection, Preparation and UsesSamuel GoodFresh Frozen PlasmaIntroductionFresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is the name for the liquid portion of human blood, which has been glacial and preserved. It is taken by blood donation and is sto violent until necessityed for blood transfusion.FFP has been available since 1941 (Hoffman, et al, 1990), it was apply initially as a multitude expander (Erber, et al, 2006), but is now used for the management and prevention of bleeding in coagulopathic patient roles (Ho, et al, 2005).The term FFP is confusing as the plasma squirtnot be frozen as well as fresh at the same time. What the term implies is that the plasma was frozen rapidly after it was taken and whence can be considered fresh.The plasma, from a transfusion aspect, contains essential components such(prenominal) as fibrinogen, albumin, globulin and coagulation factors. These allow for specific separate components to be transferred to a recipient who is in need.The most good and sound way to make optimum use of blood which has been donated, is to specialise it into its individual components. This process allows for a wider availability of blood products (Spence, et al, 2006) and as well as reduces the risk of exposure patients be exposed to transfusion-related risks (Erber, et al, 2006).The use of FFP and its individual products has increased tenfold since its first introduction (Hoffman, et al, 1990). One reason for this may be the declining availability of total blood be micturate of the curve to use component therapy (Spence, et al, 2006).Collection and StorageWhen a donor gives a unit of whole blood, the blood is then separated into several components parts. These include jammed red blood cells (pRBC), platelets and FFP. If required the FFP can be further divided into cryoprecipitate and something called cryo-poor plasma. Cryo-poor plasma is rargonly used as a therapeutic response (Lauzier, et al, 2007).As mentioned previ ously, plasma is the non-cellular, liquid part of the blood. It is made up of water, electrolytes and proteins. The proteins include the turn factors and intrinsic coagulants (Murray, et al, 1995).The plasma is separated from the blood after donation and then frozen. For the plasma to be considered fresh it must be frozen within eight hours of collection (Murray, et al, 1995) and stored at a temperature of electronegative 18 degrees centigrade or lower. If this fails to happen, the product is cognise just as frozen plasma, which like cryo-poor plasma, is rargonly used for therapeutic means. However, to maintain coagulation factors to optimum levels the plasma should be stored at minus 30 degrees centigrade (Lauzier, et al, 2007).FFP can be prepared by insularity from whole blood or via plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis is the name given to a broad range of procedures where extracorporeal separation of blood components (Erber, et al, 2006) results in a plasma which is filtered.Prepa rationTo summarise, FFP is collected in citrate-containing anticoagulant solution, frozen within 8 hours and stored at minus 30 degrees centigrade for up to a year.Although every protection is taken to ensure sterility, it is quite possible for the donor to have an asymptomatic bacteraemia at the time of donation (Stanworth, et al, 2004). The bacteria give have its proliferation down-regulated by the plasma being frozen. However, FFP can still sometimes transmit infectious diseases. Therefore, screening and pathogen inactivation may be performed to reduce the risk.FFP contains no RBCs and also no WBCs. As there are no WBCs the plasma is referred to be as being leucodepleted. This is an indication as to why FFP can transmit said diseases. As mentioned pathogen inactivation can be performed and this is done by using either methylene radical blue or a solvent/detergent process.The Methylene Blue TechniqueMethylene blue is a dye that has been shown to be very effective in the inactiv ation of pathogens. It binds to nucleic acids and, on illumination with white light, singlet oxygen is formed. This then destroys viral DNA and RNA, therefore viral replication cannot take place. resolvent/Detergent TechniqueThis technique is used for the preparation of factors viii and ix as well as immunoglobulins. First, a solvent is added to the plasma which removes the lipid viral envelope. After this is complete, a detergent is added which inactivates the viral contents. The solvent and detergent are then removed by a physical separation technique, in which they are dissolved in oil. Column chromatography can then be used to isolate factors viii and ix.Once any treatment that is required is complete, the FFP is ready for use. It is an reliable practice that FFP is unthaw before use (Ho, et al, 2005). The required units of FFP are placed in a water bath set at 30 37 degrees centigrade for approximately 20 30 minutes.Von Heyman, et al investigated the effects of 2 different melt machines and running warm water of 43 degrees centigrade, on the activity of clotting factors, inhibitors and activation markers in FFP. They discovered no significant differences in the activity of coagulation markers over a 6 hour period post thawing. However, a major conclusion found was that, if FFP is immediately transfused after thawing, the product remained rich in clotting factors. Also, if the plasma is left, the activity of said clotting factors decline gradually and therefore FFP should only be maintained at room temperature for up to 4 hours.If thawed FFP is not used within 24 hours it becomes a separate product known as thawed plasma (Murray, et al, 1995). Most clotting factors are stable in thawed plasma, however some labile factors, such as v and viii are not. Their degradation actually accelerates whilst the plasma is in a liquid state (Lauzier, et al, 2007).The only main advantage of having thawed plasma readily available, is that it can be transfused rapidly if a arrant(a)ly injured patient requires it.FFP Blood Type SpecificIt is widely accepted that O negative is the universal donor for pRBCs, however for FFP this isnt the case. A and B antigens of the blood are located on the red cells themselves. Type O individuals are devoid of these proteins on their red blood cells.Plasma does not contain RBCs, but it contains antibodies to the corresponding absent protein. An example of this isType A individual has Anti-B antibodies in their blood.Type O plasma has both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies and is incompatible with about 55 percent of the population.An individual with type AB blood has neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies.This makes the AB plasma ideal for universal use when the blood type of the patient is unknown.The Rh status is irrelevant because any plasma with Anti-D is destroyed at the manufacturing stage. recipient bloodAcceptable blood groups of donor plasmaOO,A,B,ABAA,ABBB,ABABABThe major problem with blood type AB is that th e percentage of the population which has it is only 4 percent. Therefore it is better to use FFP which is blood type compatible, which will be determined at the blood bank. manipulationThere are very few actual specific needs for the use of FFP (Spence, et al, 2006). Usually FFP is used to treat deficiencies of coagulation proteins where specific factor concentrates are unavailable (Hoffman, et al, 1990).Coagulation deficiencies can occur in a variety of different clinical situations. These include massive blood loss, surgery, and infection or acquired quintuple coagulation factor deficiencies.Examples of FFP usageReplacement of isolated factor deficienciesReversal of Warfarin effectsMassive blood transfusionAntithrombin III insufficiency discourse of immunodeficiency interference of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraTreatment of Disseminated intravascular coagulationReplacement of isolated factor deficiencyFFP can be used to heat deficiencies of factors II, V, VII, IX, X and XI. It is only elect as a treatment when no specific component therapy is available. Certain factors require a different haemostatic level, for example severe factor X deficiency only requires a factor level of about 10 percent. Therefore FFP has a range of success when treating factor deficiencies.Reversal of Warfarin effectIf a patient is being treated with Warfarin, they have been shown to be deficient in functional vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X (Spence, et al, 2006). Usually vitamin K will be administered, however anticoagulated patients will be actively bleeding, and therefore FFP can be used.Massive blood transfusionThe use of FFP as a treatment on massive blood transfusion has increased over the decades. Massive bleeding is defined as the loss of one blood volume within 24 hours or as 50 percent blood loss within 3 hours or a bleeding rate of one hundred fifty ml/minute (Lauzier, et al, 2007). It is indicated for use in patients who have documented b lood clotting abnormalities after large blood loss and who are in need of urgent treatment. This is due to the fact that in most emergency situations it is unacceptable to wait hours for lab results to be returned.Antithrombin III deficiencyFFP is sometimes used as a source of Antithrombin III in people who are deficient of this inhibitor. Especially if the patients are undergoing surgery or who use Heparin to treat thrombosis.Treatment of ImmunodeficiencyFFP has been used in children and adults with a humoral immunodeficiency as a source of immunoglobulin. It is also sometimes used for infants when parental nutrition is lacking, and they are suffering with severe protein losing enteropathy (Erber, et al, 2006).Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraThe treatment recommended for this condition is a daily plasma switch over (Murray, et al, 1995). Prompt intervention is indicated if development of neurological abnormalities start to appear. This plasma exchange usually conti nues for at least 2 long time after remission (Ho, et al, 2005).Treatment of Disseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome where the control of the coagulation system becomes unhappy and out of control. This is usually due to pro-coagulants being dispersed into circulation (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Most of the time this happens secondary to a disease or disorder, such as cancer. In the movement of DIC, fibrinogen, platelets and coagulation factors V and VIII become rapidly depleted. FFP is given as treatment to prevent further problems or progression. Treatment usually involves a patient being infused with a single line of FFP and then coagulation tests performed to assess the clinical benefit (Stanworth, et al, 2004).There are also some conditional uses where FFP can be used but is not the first choice treatment, such as liver disease and Paediatric use. If patients have an abnormal coagulation visibleness and are suffering fro m liver disease, they can be treated with FFP. There is varying success and treatment must be monitored by regular transfusion coagulation tests.Clotting times of infants have been shown to be longer than that of adults (Murray, et al, 1995), and even longer in premature babies (OShaughnessy, et al, 2004). Vitamin K deficiency is the most common cause of neonatal bleeding (Murray, et al, 1995). FFP can be used to counter the effects if required. In the case of babies suffering from haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, FFP can be used as treatment. But only if the chance of bleeding is greater than the risk of harmful reactions to the treatment with FFP (Lauzier, et al, 2007).RisksAs with any transfusion there is a risk of infection, the main risks identified includeDisease transmissionExcessive intravascular volumeAnaphylactoid reactionsAlloimmunisationTransfusion related exquisite lung injuryThe risks associated with viral infectivity of FFP are similar to that of whole blood and RBCs. As mentioned earlier this risk can be countered by photochemically treating the plasma.Allergic reactions that occur in response to FFP transfusion vary in severity from hives to fatal non-cardiac pulmonary oedema (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Transfusion relate astute lung injury (TRALI) is defined as a new episode of acute lung injury within 6 hours of complicated therapy (OShaughnessy, et al, 2004). It manifests as severe respiratory problems, including hypoxia and other symptoms linked to pulmonary oedema. Symptoms will usually subside 2 days after ceasing FFP treatment (Stanworth, et al, 2004).Alloimmunisation can occur if Anti-Rh antibodies are formed after treatment with FFP. To counter this, plasma containing Anti-D antibodies should not be given to an RhD-positive recipient. There has also been reported incidences of post-transfusion Hepatitis, and depends on a number factors, including donor selection. Also with any intravenously transfused fluid, there is a chance of h ypervolemia which could lead to cardiac failure, therefore administration of FFP should not be given in excessive supermans.on a lower floor is a suggested dosage breakdownVolume of 1 Unit Plasma 200-250 mL 1 mL plasma contains 1 u coagulation factors 1 Unit contains 220 u coagulation factors Factor recovery with transfusion = 40% 1 Unit provides 80 u coagulation factors 70 kg X .05 = plasma volume of 35 dL (3.5 L) 80 u = 2.3 u/dL = 2.3% (of normal 100 u/dL) 35 dLIn a 70 kg Patient 1 Unit Plasma increases most factors 2.5% 4 Units Plasma increase most factors 10%Figures taken from (http//reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499)ConclusionIn conclusion, FFP can be used as an effective treatment for a number of different clinical issues. It also does not come without risk and therefore FFP should be collected, stored, prepared and used in an efficient and safe manner. Below I have summarised the administration of FFP.FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma) Volume 240-300 ml (mean 273ml)Storage designated temperature controlled freezer. Core temperature -30 o CShelf life 24 months (frozen)Must be native Australian compatible, but Rh is not necessary to be considered for transfusion and no anti D prophylaxis is required if Rh-D negative patients receive Rh-D positive FFP.Prior to the transfusion FFP must be thawed under controlled conditions using specifically designed equipment. Thawing usually takes approximately 15-30 minutesOnce thawed, FFP must not be re-frozen and should be transfused as quickly as possible. Post-thaw storage results in a decline in the quality of coagulation factors.If stored at 4 degrees centigrade post thawing (in a designated temperature controlled refrigerator), the transfusion must be completed within 24 hours of thawing.Pooled solvent-detergent treated plasma is also commercially availableDose typically 10-15ml/kg. This dose may need to be exceeded in massive haemorrhage depending on the clinical situation and its monito ring (BCSH 2004)Typical infusion rate 10-20ml/kg/hr (approximately 30 minutes per unit)Rapid infusion may be appropriate when given to replace coagulation factors during major haemorrhage. There is anecdotal evidence that acute reactions may be more common with faster administration rates.(http//reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499)REFERENCESErber WN, Perry DJ Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive hemorrhage. topper Pract reticuloendothelial system Clin Haematol 2006, 1997-112Hewson JR, Neame PB, Kumar N, Ayrton A, Gregor P, Davis C, Shragge BW. Coagulopathy related to dilution and hypotension during massive transfusion. Crit wield Med. 198513(5)387-391.Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW. Are we giving enough coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J Surg. 2005190(3)479-484.Hoffman M, Jenner P. Variability in fibrinogen and Von Willebrand factor content of cryoprecipitate.Brief Sci Rep. 199093(5)694-697.Lauzier F, Cook D, G riffith L, Upton J, Crowther M Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007, 351655-1659.Leslie SD, Toy PT. Laboratory hemostatic abnormalities in massively transfused patients given red blood cells and crystalloid. Am J Clin Pathol. 199196(6)770-773.Murray DJ, Olson J, Strauss R, Tinker JH. Coagulation changes during packed red cell replacement of major blood loss. Anesthesiology. 198869(6)839-845Murray DJ, Pennell BJ, Weinstein SL, Olson JD.Packed red cells in acute blood loss dilutional coagulopathy as a cause of surgical bleeding. Anesth Analg. 199580(2)336-342.OShaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, Murphy M, doubting Thomas D, Yates S, Williamson LM, British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Task Force Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol 2004, 12611-28.Spence RK Clinical use of plasma and plasma fractions. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006, 1983-96.Stan worth SJ, Brunskill SJ, Hyde CJ, McClelland DB, Murphy MF Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Haematol 2004, 126139-152Tieu BH, Holcomb JB, Schreiber MA. Coagulopathyits pathophysiology and treatment in the injured patient. World J Surg. 200731(5)1055-1065http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasmahttp//www.psbc.org/therapy/ffp.htmhttp//reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499http//ccforum.com/content/14/1/202

Science and nature is a very vital theme in volume I of Frankenstein. :: Free Essay Writer

Science and nature is a very vital theme in volume I of Frankenstein. bloody shame Shelly incessantly portrays acquaintance and nature.Science and nature is a very vital theme in volume I of Frankenstein.Mary Shelly incessantly portrays science and nature. At first Maryshelly illustrate the nature of life as distressing, sorrowful andfrail. She does this by demonstrating illnesses, deaths and sorrow ofthe loved geniuss leaving and diseases. By doing this Mary shelly isrepresenting life as a whacky game, which has no other meanings thandepression and grief, and how easily it could be vanished. Examples involume I could be the death of Elizabeths parents, the sickness ofElizabeth, the sickness and death of maestros mother, murder ofWilliam and the beheading of Justine. But Mary shelly also representsnature and life as very pleasant and euphoric. This is done by theillustration of love, humanity and compassion. For example Victorsmother who was a very kind, generous and a benevolen t woman, thelove of Victor and Elizabeth and most of all the passion forknowledge. each(prenominal) these bases of nature and life contradict with science,since science merely bring about these features.Scientific development is usually from nature, even from destroyingnature. On the other hand, nature in some way is protected anddeveloped by science. Nature and science have a life and a deathrelationship. And so at one point Mary shelly actually depicts thecontrast between science and nature. She does this by combining bothlife and death into a situation where death comes forwards life, whenthe monster is produced by parts of fresh dead bodies and brought tolife. This totally changes the natural regulation of life. By doingthis Mary shelly shows the power of science, but also combines it withnature victimization Lightning, and so proves that without nature science hasno power. Mary Shelley also gives us an idea or a warning towardsscience and scientific knowledge (the picture of science beingsuperior). As we know that Victor makes an extensive use of scienceand of his scientific experiments to create his monster, which thenhaunt him and leads to the killing of Victors younger brotherWilliam, Science can thus be regarded as the main motor to Victorsself-destruction. This clearly presents science as pestiferous and an awfulthing. Looking at all these aspects of science and nature, I have also becomeaware of the character (nature) of Victor and his thirst forknowledge. His nature represents possession, anxiety, avariciousness and thedesire for supremacy. When Mary shelly represents him in this form,

Prison Nurseries Essay example -- Social Studies

From the moment the prison system had to deal with pregnant inmates, the subject of prison nurseries became controversial and it remains as such to this day. Prison nurseries provide housing for inmates newborns and allow the inmates to co-reside with their infants for a limited amount of time, giving them the opportunity to be quality of their development for at least the first months of their lives. Furthermore, these housing arrangements let them be their childrens primary caregiver (Byrne, Goshin, & Joestl, 2010). While there are groups that advocate and kindle their existence, there is in addition a side that concerns itself with the security risks and liabilities that come with raising infants in a prison setting. Regrettably, these risks and liabilities fall on the infants all too frequently and by looking at the research, it will be clear that prison nurseries actually end up being more of a punishment for the children than rehabilitative help for the mother. It is im portant to remember there are several factors to consider when dealing with the subject of prison nurseries. From the medical costs of maintaining both the mothers and their newborns in prison, to the obligation of how a prison setting may hinder the infants development, determining the pros and cons it is not an easy task. A five-year study on infants raised in a prison nursery (Byrne at al., 2010) showed that infants can be raised securely attached to their mothers, even in a prison setting. However, this study similarly concludes by stating that the development of attachment relationship is a fragile one and ongoing. It requires the participation of not only the mothers, but also of the future caregivers. This study also acknowledges that it was limited by the small nu... ...ildren should not be punished for their parents mistakes, and if growing up in a prison nursery is in any agency harmful for a child, this is one program we cannot get behind. Works CitedByrne, M. W., Gos hin, L. S., & Joestl, S. S. (2010). Intergenerational transmission of attachment for infants raised in a prison nursery. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 375-393. inside10.1080/14616730903417011Carlson, Joseph R. PhD (2001). Prison Nursery 2000. Journal ofOffender Rehabilitation, 333, 75-97. doi10.1300/J076v33n03_05Fearn, N., & Parker, K. (2004). Washington states residential parenting program An integrated public health, education, and social avail resource for pregnant inmates and prison mothers. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 2, 34-48. Retrieved fromhttp//cjhp.fullerton.edu/Volume2_2004/Issue4/34-48-fearn.pdf